Endogenous Peptides Our bodies create peptides from genes that code for particular proteins or protein-coupled receptors, such as G-protein-coupled-receptors. These endogenous peptides range in length from two to 100 amino acids. Because peptides develop within a cell along with their relevant receptor, they tend to have high specificity for precise biochemical interactions. 1,2 Peptides are known to modulate innumerable downstream reactions via multiple mechanisms to have, among other properties, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, pain-modulating, and anti-lipidemic effects.3,4 In fact, the peptidergic system is the largest ligand-receptor signaling complex within human beings, and fundamentally controls all cellular processes and ...
ABSTRACT Go to section... TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE PARKINSON’S DISEASE NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES, PARTIAL AUTOPHAGY, AND AGING NATURAL SUBSTANCES AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE NATURAL SUBSTANCES THAT ENHANCE AUTOPHAGY (FOR PREVENTION OR TREATMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE) CONCLUSIONS COMPETING INTERESTS REFERENCES Progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are a major public health burden. Neurodegenerative diseases have a common pathophysiology of protein aggregate formation but the exact mechanism of neuronal destruction has not been pinpointed. Various theories have been proposed in the literature to explain the underlying causes of these diseases, including reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive neuroinflammation, ...
ABSTRACT Hericium erinaceus, most commonly known as lion’s mane, is an edible fungus, with a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The mushroom is abundant in bioactive compounds including β-glucan polysaccharides; hericenones and erinacine terpenoids; isoindolinones; sterols; and myconutrients, which potentially have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties and promotion of nerve growth factor gene expression and neurite (axon or dendrite) outgrowth, H. erinaceus mycelium shows great promise for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The fungus was well tolerated in two clinical studies, with few adverse events reported. INTRODUCTION Ancient, traditional, and modern ...
Rosmarinic acid (RosA) is an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylactic acid. RosA has a number of beneficial biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress is recognized as a common factor in many neurodegenerative diseases and is a proposed mechanism for age-related degenerative processes as a whole. RosA has shown antioxidative action, acting as a scavenger of free radicals. RosA protects neurons from oxidative stress, significantly attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species generation, and apoptotic cell death and could contribute at least in part to neuroprotective effects. RosA has also been shown to suppress immunoglobulin ...
Pulsatilla, Nepeta, and Rauvolfia are important therapeutic agents with nerve-calming effects. Although not as strong as anxiolytic drugs, these herbal remedies are gentle and safe treatments for anxiety and insomnia. They can improve sleep, reduce mood swings and irritability, and moderate the stress-induced ‘fight-or-flight’ state. Theoretical concerns regarding adverse combination with alcohol or other psychoactive drugs have not been confirmed by clinical or scientific studies. The onset of depression must be monitored carefully when prescribing Rauvolfia to pre-disposed patients; however, this side effect does not appear to occur as commonly or severely as previously cited in the literature. AARM ...
Statement from the Publisher Many studies, both before and after this paper by Shaw, have investigated the possibility of a link between autism and using Tylenol (acetaminophen) during pregnancy. The paper currently receiving a good deal of attention as of this writing (September, 2025), is a Harvard/Mount Sinai study published in 2025. It is a systematic review of 46 studies to evaluate the link between Tylenol and neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism and ADHD. Only six of the included studies focused on autism. Like many previous investigations into a potential association, this study had mixed conclusions. Specifically, 27 studies found a ...
